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Green fresh organic vegetables

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Bio-intensive & Organic

Bio-intensive related with Organic:
                   Bio-intensive farming is a self help raising method based on building and maintaining  the soil fertility & using no chemicals.Its show that a great scope or help to the organic farming.

Procedure of Bio-intensive Agriculture:

•  First of all,we will dig a pit at 1 m depth, 1 m wide and length is as required.
• Then,we should put plant debris ,plant residue and parts or branches
• Then after,we should put fresh cow dung and cover it with plant branches,stalk etc.
• Then,spray EM2 on these materials 
• These process are continuosly done at in three level.
• At last,we should cover this pit with sub-soil.

merits =

• don't use fertilizer in to 1 year
• Pest and diseases aren't attract to the crops .
• reduce cost

increase income through high yielding. 

Organic vegetables

Organic vegetable helps to create a good environment which benefits under the human health so that we are always trying to produce green fresh or organic vegetables in our farm.And in case of Nepal has required a well experienced person for promoting the lower or poor type of farmers and we are trying to be that quality .Then after,we will be growing or producing,qualitative and quantity products for solving the food problems .

sajilo tarika of cucumbercultivation

Cucumber: cucumis sativus

Family: cucurbitaceae

 Uses and nutritive value:
➢ It is rich sources of carbohydrates and vitamins, contains 
trace amount of minerals and protein. 
➢ It is consumed as salad and pickles form.
➢ Fruits are good for people suffering from indigestion, 
constipation and jaundice. 
Climate:
It is warn season crops but prefers slightly low temp. In
comparison to others cucurbits. Optimum temp. Required for 
growth and development is 18-24ᵒc. 
Soil:
Loam soil is best for cucumber cultivation with pH range 5.5-6.8.
Manure and fertilizers:
 15-25 tons FYM/ha is required 80:40:40 Kg NPK/ha is 
recommended. Full dose of P, K and FYM half dose of N is applied 
as basal dose, remaining N is top dressed at 45days after 
transplanting. 
Seed rate and spacing:
Generally 3-4 Kg seeds is required for one ha of land. 
Spacing is maintained as
R-R: 1.5-2m 
P-P: 60-90cm 
Varieties 
➢ Priya +Bhaktapur local
➢ Long green +Nuja -179 
➢ Aman +Hero Himalaya 
➢ Dynasty +NS-404 
➢ Poinsette +Sanjaya 
➢ Karma (2066) +Chadani (2066)
➢ Sheetal +Himal 
➢ Kusle (2051) + NS- 408 

Plating season:
High Hill Chaitra
Mid Hill Falgun-Baishak 
Terai Falgun-Baishak
Irrigation:
Plants requires irrigation at 5-6 days interval. Irrigation is 
essential at vine spreading stage, flowering stage, fruit enlarging 
stage. 
Weeding:
Pre-plant application of Fluchloraline or teifluralin @ 0.75-1 
Kg/ha is effective for weed control. 
Harvesting:
Generally fruits becomes ready to harvest at 60-70 days after 
sowing. Fruits are harvested at immature stage, near full size but 
before the needs are fully enlarge. 
Yield:
Average yield is 28-30to/ha. 
Post-harvest:

It can be stored at 10-12ᵒc at RH 85-90% for 10-14 days.

Simple method of sweetpeper and khursani utpadan

Chillies and Sweet pepper
Nutritive value-
    Contents             Green Dry
     Protein (g)  2.9          15.9
     Fat (g)  0.6 6.2
     Carbohydrates (g)  3 31.6
     Calcium (mg)  30 160
     Iron (mg)  1.2 1.3
     Vitamin A (IU)   292 575
     Vitamin C (mg)  111 50
Uses- Chilli is cultivated for vegetables, spices and pickles. Green fruits are good source of vitamin A and C.
Capsicum or sweet pepper or simla mirch or bell pepper bears bell shaped, non pungent, mild and thick fleshed fruits. Green fruits are used as vegetables because they are less pungent.
The pungency in chilli is due to crystalline volatile alkaloid capsaicin, which has good export potentiality. The red colours of chillies are due to presence of pigment capsanthin.
Varieties of chillies- Jwala, N.S. 1701, Local nepali
Varieties of capsicum- California, Wonder well
Climate and soil requirement- Chilli is very sensitive to frost. The optimum temperature for fruit set is 24oC. When night temperature goes below 10oC, the fruit set is restricted. Comparatively milder climatic conditions are preferred for sweet pepper cultivation as compared to hot pepper. Temperature above 23.5oC affects the development of fruit adversely. Fruit weight, length, girth, pericarp thickness and number of seeds per fruits were high at 25oC/18oC day and night temperature. Rainy season is the main season for chilli cultivation while it might be cultivate in summer and winter season also. Rainy crop is planted in the month Ashar to Shrawan, Winter crop in the month of Ashwin to Kartik and summer crop in the month of Magh to Falgun.
Chilli can be grown on all types of soils from light sandy to heavy clay. The optimum soil pH is 5.8-6.5. Chilli crop is very sensitive to waterlogging.
Thoroughly plough the land 3-4 times to obtain a fine tilth. The last ploughing should be followed by planking to level the field.
Nursery Raising-   The sandy loam and loam soils rich in organic matter are suitable for the nursery. In soil with good tilth 10-12 beds of 15 cm raised nursery beds of 3m length and 1 m width are prepared. 15 kg FYM and 500g of N:P:K (15:15:15) complex fertilizer along with 7.5g carbofuran per bed is incorporated. The beds are drenched with captan or any systemic fungicide @ 2-3 g/liter of water. Seeds are sown thinly in rows 6 cm apart and 2.5 mm deep. The beds are covered thinly with straw or grass layer and irrigate with rose-cane. On germination (10-12 days) the beds are again drenched. After the appearance of first true life seedlings are thinned out. On the 20th day Monocrotophos or any systemic insecticide (1.5-2 ml) and on 25th day mancozeb are sprayed. During the last week of nursery, the seedlings may be hardened by slightly withholding water for better establishment of seedlings. The seedlings with 5-6 true leaves are transplanted after 30 days. About 1.0-1.5 kg seed is sufficient for one hectare area.
Transplanting- When seedlings attain the height of 8-12cm having 5-6 true leaves, these are ready to transplanting in the already prepared field. Normally transplanting is done in the evening hours. The field should be irrigating immediately after transplanting and then frequent irrigations are made until the establishment of seedlings. Spacing depends upon the type of variety and season. The optimum spacing is 60 X 45cm. The spacing should be increased and decreased as per the fertility status of the soil, favourability of the environment.      
Manure and Fertilizer- The entire quantity of FYM or compost (200-250q/ha) is incorporated at the time of first ploughings. 25 kg Carbofuran per hectare is also applied. Generally 80-100 kg N, 40-50 kg P and 40-50 kg K are required for one hectare area. Half dose of N and full dose of P and K is applied as basal and the remaining half dose of N is applied as top dressing at 30 days after transplanting.
Irrigation- Chilli requires frequent irrigation. However, excess irrigation may lead to more vegetative growth and less fruiting while water deficiency leads to reduction in fruit setting. The first irrigation is applied soon after transplanting. The subsequent irrigations are made at 8-10 days interval or as per requirement of the crop.
Inter-culture operation and weed control- For raising a successful crop, gap filling, hoeing and mulching is required. Generally during summer and rainy season 6-8 DAT there is mortality of seedlings. In order to maintain adequate plant population, gap filling is essential. Gap filling is done in the evening and soon after the field is irrigated.
Pre-transplant surface application of Alachlor (1-1.5 kg) or Oxadiazon (1.0 kg) and post-transplant spraying of Metribuzine (0.5 kg) controls the weed very effectively.
Harvesting- Chilli is mainly grown for ripe fruits whereas bell pepper is grown for green fruits. Green fruits are harvested when they are still green in colour at 60 DAT and dry fruits 90 DAT. Generally 5-6 pickings are made for green chillies while 2-3 picking for red ripe fruits.
Yield- Green  50-60q/ha (rainfed), 200-300 q/ha (irrigated) and Dry chillies 5-6 q/ha (rainfed), 20-30 q/ha (irrigated).  
Insect-pests
Aphids (Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae)- The suck the cell sap from leaves and tender points.
Control-
Spray Dimethoate (0.03%) at 10 days interval starting from flowering stage.
Fruit borer (Helicoverpa ormigera)- The larvae feed on flowers, flower buds and young tender fruits. They feed on the newly formed fruits and make them unfit for consumption causing rotting.
Control-
Spray endosulphan (0.05%) at 10 days interval starting from flowering stage.
Grow tall varieties of marigold as intercrop in a row after every 14 rows of tomato to attract the insects.
Grow leaf affected varieties like Pusa red plum.
White fly (Bemisia tabaci)- The minute insects suck the sap of tender parts. Severe damage results in yellowing and curling of leaves. It also acts as a vector to transmit leaf curl virus.
Control-
Uproot alternate host.
Spray Dimethoate (0.05%).
Diseases-
Fungal diseases-
Damping off (Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Fusarium sp., Phuotophthora parasitica)- It cause damage both at pre and post emergence death of seedling. It is characterized by rapid shirinking and rotting at colar region resulting in toppling down of infected seedlings.
Control-
Provide proper drainage facility to avoid stagnant of water.
Deep ploughings during summer.
Thin sowing of seeds to avoid over crowding.
Seed treatment wit Bavistin @ 2g/kg of seed.
Early Blight (c.o.- Alternaria solani)- The disease is characterized by the appearance of dead spots with concentric rings on the leaves. The fungus is soil borne and warm moist weather is favourable for the development and spread of disease.
Control-
Follow crop rotation
Adopt phytosanitary measures
Spray dithane M-45(Mancozeb), Dimethomorph etc. @ 0.25% at 10 days interval.
Late blight (c.o.- Phytophthora infestans)- Circular or irregular water soaked spots appear on the leaves which soon turn to brownish black lesions. The lesions enlarge and coalesce killing the entire leaves. Decayed leaves emit offensive odour. Cool moist environment is favourable.
Control-
Use healthy, disese free and certified seeds for sowing.
Make four prophylactic sprays of Blitox-50 or dithane M-45 at 7 days interval.
Spray the crop with dithane M-45 @ 0.25% at 15 days interval starting from the appearance of disease.
Ripe fruit rot, dieback and anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici)- Black water soaked spots appear on the leaves which gradually turn brown to black in colour. Dieback is usually observed after the rains have stopped and prolonged deposition of dew of the plants.
Control-
Use disease free seeds.
Treat the seed with Bavistin 2g/kg of seed.
Spray the crop with dithane M-45 @ 0.25% at 15 days interval starting from the appearance of disease.
Bacterial diseases
Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria)- The important characteristics of the disease is the development of small dark and greasy spots on the leaves, petioles and stems and water soaked spots on the green fruits. Spot remain light brown and slightly sunken towards the centre.
Control-
Use disease free seeds
Seed treatment with hot water at 50oC for 25 minutes.
Remove the affected plants.
Spray Streptocyclin 200 ppm + copper oxychloride (0.03%) thrice during Ashwin-Kartik.
Leaf curl- The characteristic symptoms are curling of leaves and crowding together. Stunted growth of plants, infected leaves turn pale. Infected plants produce more stunted lateral branches resulting in a bushy growth. Incidence is favoured high temperature and low humidity. This disease is transmitted by white fly.
Control-
Rouge out infected plants.
Uproot the weeds.
Raise nursery in disease free areas.
Treat the nursery beds before sowing with furadan @ 1 kg/ha.
Spray Dimathoate (0.05%) at 10 days interval.
Spray border crops like maize about 2 months before transplanting.
Mosaic- It is characterized by TMV. Mottling of leaves and formation of dark green patches on the leaves are the characteristic symptom. The growth of infected plants is stunted and bears very few fruits. The virus is sap transmitted and also seed borne.
Control-
Follow clean cultivation.
Select virus free seeds.
Follow crop rotation excluding potato, brinjal, chilli etc.
Give hot water treatment at 50o C at 30 minutes to the seed.
Storage and marketing-
Pre and post-harvest handling- Green chilli and capsicum should be harvested at full maturity stage. Green chilli and capsicum are usually tight filled in gunny bags and send to the local wholesale markets and also transported to long distance markets.
When chilli is used as dry red chilli, harvesting the crop when the pods are well ripened and partially withered in the plant itself gives superior produce with better pungency and colour retention properties. Ideal thing to do would be to keep the harvested pods in heaps either indoors or in shade ways from direct sunlight for 2-3 days so as develop uniform red colour.
To get uniform and quick drying pods have to be spread out in the drying yard in layer of 8-10 cm. Frequent string should be practiced to avoid mold growth and discolouration. Unless the pods are dried properly, they may lose their colour, glossiness and pungency. To avoid microbial activity and aflatoxins, the moisture in the dried pods should be less than 10%. Sun drying takes about 5-15 days depending the day temperature and humidity. Improved drying system includes drying using air blow drier at 44-46oC and to dry very solar drier. However, it is extremely difficult to dry very large quantities of chillies through these methods.
Marketing- Though chilli is grown mostly in rainy season, harvesting of red ripe chilli commence in November- December. The present system of marketing chilli is through regulated market committees.          
Storage- Green chillies and capsicum should be cooled immediately after harvesting, stored and transported at temperature ranging between 7oC and 10oC with relative humidity for 90-95%. If properly cooled and stored, the shelf life can be extended by 14-21 days.
In case of dry chillies, pods should be dried properly after removing plant parts and foreign matter. Later, they can be packed in clean, dry gunny bags and stored in cool dry places ensuring protection from dampness. Dunnage has to be providing to stack the packed bags to prevent moisture ingress from the floor. Care should be taken to stack the bags 50-60 cm away from the wall. Stored product should preferable be exposed to sun periodically. Dry chilli could be stored better in kraft pack at 27oC and 65% relative humidity where as for powder, polythene bag is effective then clear glass containers.
It is of great importance that the colour and pungency in case of chillies and colour in the case of paprika are maximally preserved during storage. In trade there is preference for mechanically dried capsicums with around 10% moisture as those that are over dried suffer from loss of colour darkening and those with higher moisture level are susceptible to infection and bleaching of colours during storage.
Value added products- The demand of value added chilli powder, colour oleoresin and pungent oleoresin has been steadily increasing. In food beverage industries, chillies has acquired a great importance in the form of oleoresin which permits better distribution of colour and flavour in food as compared to chilli powder. The food industry prefers to use highly coloured and less pungent chillies for preparation of oleoresin. Oleoresin offers many advantages over straight spices, viz. cleanliness and uniform flavour. Oleoresin is used in preparation of processed products and also in a number of pharmaceutical formulationswww.hrd.gov.np

Super and easiest method of potato cultivation

Potato

B.N.- Solanum tuberosum                         Famliy- Solanaceae
Nutritive value- The potato is rich source of carbohydrates (22.6g) while other nutrients like protein (1.6g) and vitamin C (17 mg) are also present in the edible part of the potato.
Uses- Potato is the king of the vegetables. It is mainly used as curry. Preserve potatoes are very popular in market as allu chips, allu bhujiya. It is highly consumed as allu chop, katlet, aalu dam etc.
Varities- Kufri jyoti, Kufri siduri, Dijire, Janak dev, Khumal rato-2, Khumal seto-1, Cardinal, NPI 106, Kufri badshah etc.
Climatic and soil requirement- Potato is a cool season crop and requires low temperature, low humidity and bright sunny days. The temperature for germination of tubers and satisfactory tuber growth is 25oC and 17-19oC respectively. A temperature above 30oC completely stops the tuber formation.
Potato can be grown on a variety of soil but well drained sandy loam to clay loam soils rich in organic matter having pH 5.5-7.5 are found best.
Manuring- Potato is heavy feeder and thus, needs a high doses of nutrients. Well rotten FYM @ 200-250 q/ha in the soil 3-4 weeks before planting is incorporated. Besides 100 kg N, 100 kg P, 60 kg K depending upon type of soil and fertility status should be supplied. 2/3 quantity of N and whole quantities of P and K should be applied at the time of planting. Apply the remaining dose of N at 30-35 days after planting i.e. at the time of first earthing up.
Time of planting- The planting time of potato varies considerably from region to region. The main time of planting in high hills is falgun to chaitra, poush to magh for mid hills and asoj to mangsir for terai.
Method of planting- The commonly used methods of potato planting are as follows:
Flat bed method- It is commonly adopted in areas having light sandy soils. The tubers are planted in flat beds in very shallow furrows. The method requires two earthing up. First at 30-35 DAS and second 25-30 days after first earthing up.
Furrow planting- In this method tubers are planted in furrows (5-7 cm deep) and adopted in irrigated areas having light sandy soils. It needs ridging to 10-15 cm height soon after planting and then at 30-35 DAP.
Planting on ridges- The ridges of 30 cm height are made at 70 cm spacing and tubers are planted opposite in these ridges.
Seed size, spacing and seed rate- Tuber having 25g weight and 2.5-3.0 cm diameter are considered ideal for main crop planting. Seed rate depends upon the size of seed tubers and spacing. A medium size of tuber can be planted at a distance of 75 cm from row to row and 25 cm from plant to plant. Generally 15-20 q seed tubers are required for one hectare area.
Cutting of seed- Cut the large sized tubers in small pieces with the help of disinfected knife. The main objective of cutting the seeds are to lower down the cost of seed. During cutting keep 2-3 healthy eyes on the cut pieces. The average weight of the cut seed piece should be 30-40g.
Irrigation- Being a shallow rooted crop, potato requires light irrigation frequently. In general light soils should be irrigated at an interval of 8-10 days whereas heavy soils at 12-15 days. Light irrigation should be given when frost is expected. The critical stages for irrigation are germination, tuber formation followed by earthing up and tuber bulking appears at 10-12, 30-35 and 55-60 DAP respectively.
Weeding- Two manual weeding first at 15-20 DAP and second weeding-cum-hoeing at 30-35 DAP. The first weeding may be replaced by use of herbicide but second weeding and hoeing at earthing is a must. The most common herbicide used to control weeds in potato are Fluchloralin (1.0 kg/ha) and Pendimethalin (0.5 kg/ha) used as pre-planting while Simazine (0.5 Kg/ha), Alchlor (1.0-1.5 kg/ha) applied as early pre-emergence and Paraquat (0.5 kg/ha) applied at early post emergence i.e. when more than 5% potato plants have just emerged from the soil.
Earthing- If potato tubers are exposed to sunlight, they will start to synthesize anthocyanin and chlorophyll. The chlorophyll formation in tubers check the accumulation of starch which resulted in small sized tubers with bitter in taste due to presence of Solanin. Generally two earthing is sufficient in flat bed planting. First at 30-35 DAP and second at 25-30 days after first earthing up. Irrigate the field lightly just after earthing.
Harvesting- The time of harvesting of potato depends on number of factors viz. variety, market price, weather condition, purpose for which crop is grown etc. Early varieties mature in 80 days, medium in 90-100 days and late in 100-120 days. Sometimes, the crop is harvested early to fetch high market price and to facilitate the sowing of succeeding crop. Potatoes harvested at full maturity stage will have better shelf life. Withholding of irrigation about 15 days before the harvesting will harden the skin of tubers. The harvested tubers are allowed to dry in open under shade.                  
Insect pests-
Aphids (Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae)- The nymph and adults suck the sap from tender parts of the plant. They also act as vector for several viral diseases like potato mosaic, leaf roll virus etc.
Management-
Incorporate Phorate 10 g @15 kg/ha in the soil at planting in the furrows.
Spray the crop with Dimethoate (Rogor) 0.05% .
Potato tuber moth (Gnorimoschema opercullela)- It is a serious pest of potato both in the field and storage. After hatching, the caterpillar bores and makes tunnels into the tubers.
Management-
Select healthy and insect free tubers for planting.
Proper earthing should be done so that tubers are not exposed to ovipositing female moth.
Spray the crop with carbaryl (0.2%).
Treat the gunny bags used for storage with Neem karnel extract at 10%.
Cutworms (Agrotis ipsilon)- Among the different spices of cutworm the Agrotis ipsilon is the most common and devasting one. The caterpillars cut the young seedlings at the base near the soil.
Management-
Apply phorate 10 g  @ 15 kg/ha in the soil before sowing.
Drench the soil around the plants with cholofevninphos @ 0.05%.
White grub (Holotrichia insularis)- The grub feed on the roots and developing tubers and make large holes. The adults feed on the foliage of trees and lay eggs in the soil.
Management-
Follow clean cultivation.
Apply phorate 10 g @ 15 kg/ha in the soil before sowing.
Spray the neighbouring trees with endosulphan @ 0.03%.
Diseases- (Fungal diseases)
Early Blight (c.o.- Alternaria solani)- The disease is characterized by the appearance of dead spots with concentric rings on the leaves. The fungus is soil borne and warm moist weather is favourable for the development and spread of disease.
Control-
Grow resistant varieties like kufri sinduri, kufri jeevan etc
Follow crop rotation
Adopt phytosanitary measures
Spray dithane M-45(Mancozeb), Dimethomorph etc. @ 0.25% at 10 days interval.
Late blight (c.o.- Phytophthora infestans)- Circular or irregular water soaked spots appear on the leaves which soon turn to brownish black lesions. The lesions enlarge and coalesce killing the entire leaves. Decayed leaves emit offensive odour. Cool moist environment is favourable.
Control-
Use healthy, disese free and certified seed tubers for planting.
Locate resistant varieties like- Kufri jeevan, kufri alankar etc.
Make four prophylactic sprays of Blitox-50 or dithane M-45 at 7 days interval.
Spray the crop with dithane M-45 @ 0.25% at 15 days interval starting from the appearance of disease.
Wart (Synchytrium endobioticum)- It is a serious soil disease but restricted to only Darjelling hills and surrounding areas. The disease attacks all under ground part except roots. Affected parts exhibit warty outgrowth. The wart is a distorted, proliferated branched structure grown together into a mass.
Control-
Follow quarantine measures
Avoid potato cultivation on wart affected soil.
Grow wart resistant varieties like Kufri jyoti, kufri jeevan.
Soil sterilization should be done by copper sulphate or formaline before planting.
Bacterial diseases-
Bacterial wilt (Pseodomonas solanacearum)- It is characterized by the appearance of wilting, stunting and yellowing of foliage followed by collapse of the plant. Browning of the xylem in the vascular bundles occurs. The infected tubers are discoloured. The pathogen is soil borne.
Control-
Use healthy, disese free and certified seed tubers for planting.
Follow at least 3 years crop rotation with maize, cowpea, French bean etc.
Treat the seed tubers with streptocycline solution @ 0.02% for 30 minutes before planting.
Soft rot (Erwinia carotovora spp. atroseptica)- The infected plants remain dwarf and stunted. Leaves turned yellow and curled. Brown black rotten areas develop on the base of the stem called black leg. The affected tubers become dark both inside and outside. The internal tissues become soft resulting in disintegration of whole tuber. The pathogen is also prevalent in storage.
Control-
Select disease free seed tubers for planting.
Follow long term crop rotation.
Uproot affected plants and destroy them.
Treat the seed tubers in streptocyclin solution @ 0.01% before planting.
Viral diseases
Leaf roll- It is affected by leaf roll virus. The leaves of affected plant roll upward turn light green in colour and become leathery in texture. It is transmited through several species of aphids (Myzus persicae).
Mosaic- The causal organism is potato mosaic virus. mild mottling or light green colours of the infected plants occur. It is transmitted mechanically by the contact of disease plants and other farm implements.
Control-
Select disease free seed tubers for planting.
Uproot affected plants and destroy them.
Before the use of tools implements wash them with 3% solution of trisodium phosphate.
Post-harvest, handling and storage- Nearly one fifth of the total potato production in the country is used as planting material in the following season. Therefore, post-harvest handling particularly seed stocks become very important. After harvesting potatoes are kept in heaps in cool places for another 10-15 days for drying and curing of skin. Heaps 3-4 meter long, wide at the base and 1 meter in the central height are the best. In hills the harvested potatoes are spread in well ventilated rooms for drying. Before grading all the cut, damaged and rotted tubers are removed. The tubers are then graded and packed in gunny bags according to sizes preferably in 4 sizes, e.g. small (below 25g), medium (25-50g), large (50-75g) and extra large (above 75g). After grading potatoes meant for use as seed next year are treated with 3% boric acid solution for 30 minutes for protecting against soil-pathogens, e.g. black scurf, common scab etc. before storing in the bags.
In plains the seed potatoes after drying, curing and grading are stored in cold stores where temperature is maintained at 2-4oC with high relative humidity. The low temperature checks sprouting and rottage and high relative humidity reduces weight loss in tubers.
Value added products of potato- Potatoes can be easily processed into dehydrated and canned products like- chips, french fries, finger chips, granules, disc, cubes, flour etc.
Marketing- Potatoes are semi-perishable and bulky therefore their transport to long distance is problem. Often potatoes rot during transit because of high temperatures at the time of transportation. The problem is compounded further due to shortage of transporting wagons. The total cold storage capacity in the country is very low. The markets in potato producing belts in plains are also not properly integrated. Because of these factors marketing of potato is a complicated process and potato price are prone to high fluctuations and often glut situations.       www.narc.gov.np

Modern technique of cauliflower production

 CAULIFLOWER

B.N.- Brassica oleracea .L. var. botrytis Family: Cruciferrae
Nutritive Value- The Cole crops are rich source of vitamin C and A.
Particular Cauliflower Cabbage Broccoli
Carbohydrates (g) 4.0 4.6 5.5
Protein (g) 2.6 1.8 3.3
Fat (g) 0.4 0.1 0.2
Vitamin A (IU) 51 2000 9000
Vitamin C (mg) 56 124 137
Calcium(mg) 33 39 1.29
Variety-
Early- Silver cup 60, White glass, Rami, Milkway, white flash, Sweta
Late- Kathmandu local, Dolpa snowball, Kiojaint, Sarlahi Deepali, Jyapu, N.S. 90, Snowdome, N.S. 84 etc.
Climatic requirement and soil- Indian varieties of cauliflower can tolerate to high temperature while snowball group is very sensitive to high temperature. Curd formation in cauliflower is sensitive to high as well as low temperature. Different varieties of cauliflower require very specific temperature for their curd formation and its quality. Indian varieties of cauliflower can tolerate the temperature as high as 40oC. The optimum temperature for most of the cole crops for seed germination and growth is 12-18oC except early cauliflower. High temperature in cauliflower caused riceyness, fuzziness, buttoning, yellowing and loosening of curds. The low temperature injury in cauliflower causes blindness.
Fertile, medium to heavy well drained loam soils are best suited to grow cole crops. Cole crops can be grown in slightly acidic to saline soils. However, the optimum pH range is 6.0-7.0 because there is incidence of club rot disease. Molybdenum deficiency occurs more frequently in acidic soil below pH 5.5 which causes whiptail disorder in cauliflower. Therefore, liming of soil should be done to raise the soil pH above 5.5. One deep ploughing and 2-3 light ploughing followed by planking is essential to obtain the fine tilth.
Nursery raising- The sandy loam and loam soils rich in organic matter are suitable for the nursery. In soil with good tilth 15 cm raised nursery beds of 3m length and 1 m width are prepared. About 20-30 beds are sufficient for on hectare area. 15 kg FYM and 50g of N:P:K (19:19:19) complex fertilizer, 200g powered neem cake along with 10g carbofuran per bed is incorporated. The beds are drenched with captan or any systemic fungicide @ 2-3 g/liter of water. Seeds are sown thinly in rows 6 cm apart and 1 cm deep. The beds are covered thinly with straw or grass layer and irrigate with rose-cane. On germination (8-10 days) the beds are again drenched. After the appearance of first true leaf seedlings are thinned out. On the 20th day Monocrotophos or any systemic insecticide (1.5-2 ml) and on 25th day mancozeb are sprayed. During the last week of nursery, the seedlings may be hardened by slightly withholding water for better establishment of seedlings. The seedlings with 5-6 true leaves are transplanted after 30 days.
Seed Rate- For Early crops 600 to 750g of seed are required and for late crops 375 to 400 g seed are required per hectare.
Sowing time- The seed is sown in raised nursery beds which should be sterilized by formaldehyde or some fungicidal treatment. The seed for early sowing should be treated with some mercurial fungicide to save the young seedlings for damping off. According to season early sowing is done from the middle of Jestha to the end of Asar. The late crop is sown from the middle of Bhadra to the end of Ashwin. According to altitude the Magh to Baisakh is suitable time for high hills while shrawan to falgun for mid hills and asar to shrawan in terai depending upon varieties.
Transplanting- The seedlings are transplanted when four to six weeks old, depending upon the season in a well prepared field. The planting distance depends upon the fertility of soil, season, variety and market demand. In some markets small to medium sized curds are preferred to large- sized ones. Closer spacing is given for supplying cauliflowers to such markets. Generally, a spacing of 45cm away is kept for the early varieties and 45 cm from plant to plant   and 60 cm from roe to row for late varieties.
Manures and fertilizers-The cauliflower requires very heavy manuring as it removes large quantities of major nutrients from the soil. The fertilizer practices differ in different regions. For best results, 20 to 30 tons of farm yard manure or compost  should be applied per hectare three to four weeks before transplanting. 200 kg of nitrogen, about 120 kg of phosphate and 200 kg of potash per hectare should be applied before transplanting.  A placement of 5 to 7 cm deep on both sides of rows are advisable. A cauliflower crop often shows boron and molybdenum deficiency symptoms when grown either on an alkaline or highly acidic soil. In such cases  10 to 15 kg of borax per hectare may be applied to the soil or two sprays with 0.3 percent borax on the seedlings may correct the boron deficiency symptoms. Molybdenum deficiency symptoms occur in highly acidic soils and can be corrected by liming or application of about 1 to 1.5 kg per hectare of sodium molybdate.
 Interculture and Irrigation- Frequent shallow cultivation should be given to the soil to kill weeds and provide soil mulch. Cauliflower being a shallow-rooted crop, most of its roots is within 45 to 60 cm of the top soil.
Deep cultivation should, therefore, be avoided. The plants should be earthed up about 4 to 5 weeks after transplanting. Water must be supplied to ensure continuous growth. An early crop after transplanting may need irrigation twice a  week and late crop once a week.
Blanching-A perfect head of cauliflower pure white, it is necessary to execute sunlight to obtain this. White head is protected by the inner leaves but later the curds are exposed. The common practice is to bring the outer leaves up over the head and tie them with a twine or rubber band,it is easy at the time of harvest to select those tied earliest.
Harvesting, Grading, Packing and Storing-Cauliflower is harvested when the curds attain a proper size and before they begin to discolour. It is separated into three grades, depending upon the size colour, quality and variety. The usual method of packing and transport of cauliflower is in big nets and trucks. Tight packing is essential to prevent shifting and bruising. In some countries cauliflower is packed in crates and wire-bound boxes. Cellophane and transparent films are also used to pack cauliflowers which are hydro-cooled to remove field heat. Cauliflower with leaves attached can be stored for 30 days at 00C with 85 to 90 percent relative humidity.
 Yield- The yield of cauliflower may vary from 15 to 20 tons per hectare. The early crops give low yields and the mid-season crops give high yields.
Physiological Disorders
Browning (Brown rot or red rot): This is caused  by boron deficiency. The trouble first appears as water-soaked areas in the stems and on the surface of the curd. Later, these areas change into a rusty-brown colour. Browning is associated with hollow stems. Other symptoms are changes in colour of foliage, thickening, brittleness and downward curling of order leaves. Application of borax @ of 10 to 15 kg per hectare on acid soils controls browning, though the amount depends upon the character of soil, soil reaction and the extent of deficiency. On neutral and alkaline soils, a larger quantity should be used.
Whiptail: The results from the deficiency of molybdenum becomes unavailable in very acid soils. Liming may correct the deficiency symptoms in such cases. There is varietal sensitiveness to molybdenum. The leaf-blades do not  develop properly. In the severe cases only the midrib develops, and whiptail can be prevented by bringing the soil pH to 6.5 by liming or by applying 1 kg of sodium or ammonium molybdate per hectare.
Buttoning: The term buttoning is applied to the development of small heads or buttons. The plants do not develop normally and the leaves remain small and do not cover the developing heads. Deficiency of nitrogen is the main cause of buttoning. Planting early varieties as late season may also cause buttoning. Apply recommended dose of N.
Blindness: Blind cauliflower plants are those without terminal buds. The leaves which develop, large, thick, leathery and dark green. Blindness is supposed to be due to low temperature when the plants are small or due to damage to the terminal bud during handling of the plant or injury by insects pests. Protect crop from the low temperature and control the insect-pest.
Riceyness- Pedicles bearing the individual flower elongated. The curd become granual and loose. Warm weather and poor quality seed is responsible for this disorder. To mange this disorder, sow the seed when temperature is favourable.
Fuzziness- Peduncle elongated to give a rise a full velvety appearance of curds formed. This is mainly caused due to unfavourable climatic condition. To control this disorder avoid sowing when temperature is high.
Hallow stem-This disorder affects all cole crops. Hollowness caused by boron deficiency is characterized by the appearance of water soaked areas and discolouration of tissues. When it is caused due to excess of N, The affected stem remain clear white with no sign of disintegration. To control this, spray borax @ 0.3-0.4%, reduce the dose of N and transplant the crop at closer spacing.    
Diseases-
Soft rot:  It occurs in the field usually after an attack of black rot, or after mechanical injury of nearly mature curds. The casual organism os another bacterium known as Erwinia carotovora.
Clubroot: The roots show large swellings presenting a clubbed appearance. It is caused by a fungus  Plasmodiophora brassicae.  The foliage wilts on sunny days and recovers towards the evening. The disease is prevalent in acid soils. Avoiding cole crops in affected plots, long rotations without any cruciferous crops and keeping the soil alkaline are the control measures.
Black leg (Phoma lingam):  It affects all the parts of the plant. Infection often occurs on the stem of the young plants in the seed- bed or in the field, causing dark sunken areas. The wilting of the plants is characteristic of the advanced stages of this disease. Hot water treatment @ 50 oC for 25-30 minutes, is affective in destroying the fungus in the seed.
 Downy Mildew:  It is common in young plants and is characterized by the appearance of purplish- brown spots on the underside of the leaves. Downy growth usually appears on the under surface of the lesions. The upper surface of the leaf on the lesion is tan to yellow. The casual organism is  Peronospora parasitica,  an obligate parasite. The primary inoculums being present in the soil, sanitation, and crop rotation help in reducing the infection. The disease also affects cabbage.
Insect pests
Cabbage maggot: The maggots first attack the young rootlets and then burrow into the main root, causing the plant to wilt. Dusting or application as a water suspension of Calomel or application of Dieldrin also controls the insects.
Green cabbage worm and cabbage looper : These feed on the foliage of cauliflower and can be controlled by spraying DDT or malathion 2 to 3 weeks prior to harvest and application of Pyrethrum when the curds have formed.
Cabbage and Turnip Aphids:  These insects are more injurious during the latter part for the growth or when the crop is left for seed production. The attack is controlled by spray of malathion or parathion but if the curd is ready for harvest, nicotine sulphate is usedwww.narc.gov.np

New techniques of egg plant production

Brinjal or eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most popular and principal vegetable crops. It is a perennial plant but grown as an annual. Brinjal has three main botanical varieties under the species melongena; the round or egg shaped cultivars grouped under var. esculentum; the long slender types are under vari. surpentinum; and the dwarf brinjal plants put under depressum. The flowers of brinjal are hermaphrodite and of 4 types depending upon the length of style.
Long-styled with big sized overy.
Medium-styled with medium sized ovary
Pseudo-short styled with rudimentary overy and
True-short styled with very rudimentary ovary.
Fruit set does not take place in pseudo-short and true-short styled flowers. Brinjal is originated from a wild species Solanum sysimbrifolium. Brinjal has Ayurvedic properties. The fruits of brinjal are excellent remedies for those suffering from lever troubles. White brinjal is good for diabetic patient. The green leaves of brinjal are excellent source of vitamin C. The bitter taste of brinjal is due to glycoalkaloids.
Varieties- Nurki, Arka Nidhi, Arka kesav, Sarlahi green, Purple long, Lukee, Benighat Seto
Climate- The brinjal is warm season crop, therefore, susceptible to severe frost. Low temperature during the cool season crop causes deformation of fruits. A daily mean temperature of 13-21oC is most favourable for optimum growth. The brinjal seed germinate well at 25oC.
Soil and field preparation- Light soils are good for an early yield, while clay loam and silt loam are well suited for higher yield. Loam and sandy loam soils of normal and high fertility status are best suited for brinjal cultivation.
The soil should be thoroughly prepared by ploughing 4-5 times before transplanting the seedlings. Bulky organic manures like well rotten cowdung or compost should be incorporated evenly in the soil.
Nursery raising- The sandy loam and loam soils rich in organic matter are suitable for the nursery. In soil with good tilth 10-12 beds of 15 cm raised nursery beds of 3m length and 1 m width are prepared. 15 kg FYM and 300g of N:P:K (15:15:15) complex fertilizer along with 7.5g carbofuran per bed is incorporated. The beds are drenched with captan or any systemic fungicide @ 2-3 g/liter of water. Seeds are sown thinly in rows 6 cm apart and 1.0 cm deep. The beds are covered thinly with straw or grass layer and irrigate with rose-cane. On germination (6-8 days) the beds are again drenched. After the appearance of first true life seedlings are thinned out. On the 20th day Monocrotophos or any systemic insecticide (1.5-2 ml) and on 25th day mancozeb are sprayed. During the last week of nursery, the seedlings may be hardened by slightly withholding water for better establishment of seedlings. The seedlings with 5-6 true leaves are transplanted after 30 days. About 500-700 g seed for pureline varieties and 250 g for hybrids are sufficient for one hectare area.
Sowing time- The time of sowing of seed and transplanting of seedlings varies according to the agro-climatic regions. In high hills it can be sown from Baisakh to Shrawan, in mid hills Falgun to Asar and In plains it can be successfully sown from Ashwin to Kartik.
Manure and Fertilizer- Brinjal is a heavy feeder crop. Therefore, a balance application of manure and fertilizer are very important for successful crop production. Well rotten FYM or compost @ 200-250q/ha are incorporated at the time of field preparation. About 100 kg N, 60 kg P and 60 kg K are required for one hectare area. Full dose P and K and half dose of N is applied at the time of final field preparation before transplanting and the remaining quantity of N as urea is applied in 2-3 splits after 30, 45 and 60 days after transplanting.
Transplanting- The seedlings are ready in 4-5 weeks for transplanting, when they have attained a height of 12-15 cm with 3-4 leaves. Harden the seedlings by withholding irrigation for 4-6 days prior to transplanting. Irrigate the nursery lightly before lifting of seedlings. Uproot the seedlings carefully without injury the roots. Spacing of brinjal plants depend upon the fertility status of soil, type of variety and suitability of season. In general, 60 X 45 cm spacing is kept for brinjal plants.
 Irrigation- Chilli requires frequent irrigation. However, excess irrigation may lead to more vegetative growth and less fruiting while water deficiency leads to reduction in fruit setting. The first irrigation is applied soon after transplanting. The subsequent irrigations are made at 8-10 days interval or as per requirement of the crop.
Inter-culture operation and weed control- For raising a successful crop, gap filling, hoeing and mulching is required. Generally during summer and rainy season 6-8 DAP there is mortality of seedlings. In order to maintain adequate plant population, gap filling is essential. Gap filling is done in the evening and soon after the field is irrigated.
Pre-transplant surface application of Alachlor (1-1.5 kg) or Oxadiazon (1.0 kg) and post-transplant spraying of Metribuzine (0.5 kg) controls the weed very effectively.
Harvesting- The brinjal fruits are harvested when they attain full size and colour before start for ripening. Tenderness, bright colour and glossy appearance of fruits are the optimum stage for harvesting the fruits. When the fruits look dull, it is an indication of maturity.
The fruit should be severed from the plant by cutting with a sharp knife. The fleshy calyx and a short piece of the stem are left attached to the fruits.
Yield- The yield varies from season to season, variety to variety and location to location. However, in general 300-400 q/ha of healthy fruits of brinjal can be obtained.
Insect-pests
Aphids (Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae)- The suck the cell sap from leaves and tender points.
Control-
Spray Dimethoate (0.03%) at 10 days interval starting from flowering stage.
Shoot and Fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis)- The tiny larvae immediately after hatching enters into plant tissue. At initial stage, it attacks on the terminal shoots and later on young fruits as soon as they start setting. The entire hole is so small that it heals up as fruit grow. Young shoots and leaf petioles show sign of wilting and dropping due to insect attack.
Spray endosulphan (0.05%) at 10 days interval starting from flowering stage.
Grow tall varieties of marigold as intercrop in a row after every 14 rows of brinjal to attract the insects.
Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)- Affected plants remain stunted and weak, foliage turn yellow and wilt. Knot like swelling can be seen on the roots.
Control-
Follow long term crop rotation with rice, maize or marigold.
Deep ploughing of the field during summer.
Grow resistant varieties like Sel-120, PNR 7, Hissar lalit etc.
Apply organic amendments like neem cake or mahua cake @ 25 q/ha in the soil.
Incarporate Carbofuran or Phorate or Aldicarb @ 25 kg/ha in the soil before planting.
Diseases-
Fungal diseases-
Damping off (Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Fusarium sp., Phuotophthora parasitica)- It cause damage both at pre and post emergence death of seedling. It is characterized by rapid shirinking and rotting at colar region resulting in toppling down of infected seedlings.
Control-
Provide proper drainage facility to avoid stagnant of water.
Deep ploughings during summer.
Thin sowing of seeds to avoid over crowding.
Seed treatment wit Bavistin @ 2g/kg of seed.
Phomopsis blight (Phomopsis vexans)- It is a serious disease of brinjal. The small circular spots develop on the leaves which turn grey to brown with light colour centres. The disease also attack the stem. The affected leaves become yellowish and die.
Control-
Collect the seed from healthy fruits.
Grow resistant varieties like Pusa Bhairav, Florida market etc.
Give hot water treatment to seed at 50oC for 30 minutes.
Wilt (Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium solani)- The infected plants retard growth, leaves turn yellow, lack of flowers and fruit set and finally the plant wilt and dies. Vascular tissues of stem turn dark coloured. The fungus also attack on the roots.
Control-
Follow long term crop rotation with non solanaceous crops.
Provide proper drainage.
Drench the soil with a mixture of Bavistin + Dithane M-45 (0.25%).
Spray Bavistin (0.1%).
Bacterial diseases
Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solonacearum)- Wilting of lower leaves followed by sudden and permanent wilting of entire plants are the typical symptom. The vascular tissues of lower stems and roots exude slimy bacterial ooze.
Control-
Adopt 3 year crop rotation with non solanaceous crops.
Raise nursery in disease free area.
Uproot infected plants and burn them.
Use resistant varieties like BT-1, BT-10 etc.
Dip seeds in Streptocyclin suspension @ 150 ppm for 90 minutes.
Spray Streptocyclin (0.25%) at 10 days interval.
Viral diseases-
Mosaic- It is characterized by TMV. Mottling of leaves and formation of dark green patches on the leaves are the characteristic symptom. The growth of infected plants is stunted and bears very few fruits. The virus is sap transmitted and also seed borne.
Control-
Follow clean cultivation.
Select virus free seeds.
Follow crop rotation excluding potato, brinjal, chilli etc.
Give hot water treatment at 50o C at 30 minutes to the seed.
Mycoplasmal  Disease-
Little leaf- It is caused by mycoplasma like organism (MLO). The characteristics symptom are reduction in size of leaves, excessive growth of auxillary branches and stunting of plant growth. Affected plants give rosette like appearance. The floral parts convert into leafy structure. This disease is transmitted by leaf hopper.
Control-
Rogue out the affected plants.
Grow resistant varieties like Arka Sheel, Banaras gaint, Manjari gota etc.
Treat the seed beds with carbofuran 15-20 kg /ha followed by Tetracyaclin hydrochloride solution (500 ppm).
Spray the crop with Rogor (0.05%) at 10 days interval to control the vector.
Post-harvest handlings and storage- There are several diseases observed in brinjal after harvesting of the crop till marketing. Maximum incidence of fruit rot occurred during the monsoon months of Asoj-Mangsir when temperature and relative humidity usually remain high. Fruit rot also occurs during storage which prevented by post harvested treatments of brinjal in a solution containing 200 ppm NAA in combination with 900 ppm Prochloraz that retards fruit senescence and decaying.
Brinjal green fruits had longer shelf-life of 4 weeks based on the physiological loss in weight, discolouration, spoilage and CO2 injury during storage at 8-10oC under controlled atmosphere with initial concentration of 5% CO2. Room temperature of 20-22oC was not, however, suitable for storage under modified atmosphere. Brinjal fruits should not keep in the same store with other ethylene producing fruits. Brinjal fruits are better stored at 20oC than at 6oC and in perforated polythene bags than in open boxes. The fruits can also be stored for 7-10 days in fairly good condition at 7.2-10oC with 85-90% relative humidity.
Packing, packaging materials- The freshly harvested fruits are cleaned properly by washing them under sprinkler. They are then graded. Uniform, superior quality fruits, free from disease and insects blemishes are individually wrapped in the tissue paper and arranged in suitable cartons for exporting them to foreign markets. In Isreal, sometimes they use PVC stretch film for packing of individual fruits. Currently, they pack several fruits (10-25) pre treated with a solution of Prochloraza and NAA inside an imperforated polyethylene lining bags, together with 10 layers of tissue paper to prevent water condensation. The method prevents weight loss and maintains fruit quality during 14 days of storage at 12oC for 17 days at 20oC and helps in exporting of brinjal to other countries.              eggplant.com

Cultivation practices of Knol khol

Common names: kohlrabi,
turnip-rooted cabbage, stem
turnip, turnip cabbage
Botanical name: Brassica
caulorapa
Origin: horticultural hybrid
Varieties
Early White Vienna (55 days);
Early Purple Vienna (60 days).
Description
Kohlrabi is a hardy biennial
grown as an annual and is a
member of the cabbage clan. It
has a swollen stem that makes it
look like a turnip growing on a
cabbage root. This swollen stem
can be white, purple, or green,
and is topped with a rosette of
blue-green leaves. In German,
kohl means cabbage and rabi
means turnip—a clue to the
taste and texture of kohlrabi,
although it is mild and sweeter
than either of them. Kohlrabi is a
fairly recent addition to the
vegetables grown in northernEurope. In this country, nobody
paid it any attention until 1800,
Where and when to grow
All cole crops are hardy and can
tolerate low 20°F temperatures.
Kohlrabi tolerates heat better
than other members of the
cabbage family, but planting
should be timed for harvesting
during cool weather. Kohlrabi
has a shorter growing season than
cabbage. It grows best in cool
weather and produces better with
a 10° to 15°F difference between
day and night temperatures. If
your area has cold winters, plant
for summer to early fall harvest. In
the South, plant for harvest in
late fall or winter. With spring
plantings, start kohlrabi early so
that most growth will occur before
the weather gets too hot.
How to plant
Kohlrabi likes fertile, well-
drained soil with a pH within
the 6.5 to 7.5 range; this
discourages disease and lets the
plant make the most of the
nutrients in the soil. The soil
should be high in organic
matter. When you're preparing the
soil for planting, work in a
complete, well-balanced fertilizer
at the rate of one pound per 100
square feet or 10 pounds per 1,000
square feet. Cole crops are
generally grown from transplants
except where there's a long cool
period. Kohlrabi, however, can be
grown directly from seed in the
garden. Sow seeds in rows 18 to 24
inches apart and cover them
with a quarter to a half inch of soil.
When the seedlings are growing
well, thin them to five or six inches
apart—you can transplant the
thinnings. Cultivate carefully to
avoid harming the shallow roots.Fertilizing and watering
Fertilize before planting and
again at midseason, at the same
rate as the rest of the garden.
Detailed information on fertilizing
is given in "Spadework: The
Essential Soil" in Part 1. Kohlrabi
should have even moisture or it
will become woody.
Pests
The cabbage family's traditional
enemies are cutworms and
caterpillars. Cutworms,
cabbage loopers, and imported
cabbage worms can all be
controlled by spraying with
bacillus thuringiensis, an
organic product also known as
Dipel or Thungicide. Detailed
information on pest control is
given in "Keeping Your Garden
Healthy" in Parti.
Diseases
Cabbage family crops are
susceptible to yellows, clubroot,
and downy mildew. Lessen the
incidence of disease by planting
disease-resistant varieties when
they're available; maintaining the
general health of your garden;
and avoiding handling the plants
when they're wet. If a plant does
become infected, remove and
destroy it so it cannot spread
disease to healthy plants. Detailed
information on disease
prevention is given in "Keeping
Your Garden Healthy" in Part 1.
Storing and preserving
Kohlrabi will store for one week
in a refrigerator or for one to two
months in a cold, moist place.
Kohlrabi can also be frozen.
Detailed information on storing
and preserving is given in Part 3.
Serving suggestions
Small, tender kohlrabi are
delicious steamed, without
peeling. As they mature you can
peel off the outer skin, dice them,
and boil them in a little water.
Kohlrabi can also be stuffed, like
squash-
Try young kohlrabi raw,
chilled, and sliced; the flavor is
mild and sweet, and the
vegetable has a nice, crisp texture.
You can also cook kohlrabi,
then cut it into strips and marinate
the strips in an oil and vinegar
dressing; chill this salad to serve
with cold cuts. Cooked kohlrabi
can be served just with seasoning
and a little melted butter or
mashed with butter and cream. For
a slightly different flavor, cook it
in bouillon instead of water.
Serving suggestions
Small, tender kohlrabi are
delicious steamed, without
peeling. As they mature you can
peel off the outer skin, dice them,
and boil them in a little water.
Kohlrabi can also be stuffed, like
squash-
Try young kohlrabi raw,
chilled, and sliced; the flavor is
mild and sweet, and the
vegetable has a nice, crisp texture.
You can also cook kohlrabi,
then cut it into strips and marinate
the strips in an oil and vinegar
dressing; chill this salad to serve
with cold cuts. Cooked kohlrabi
can be served just with seasoning
and a little melted butter or
mashed with butter and cream. For
a slightly different flavor, cook it
in bouillon instead of water.

Seed production of fingermillets

Seed production of Finger millet (Eleusine

coracana)

• Land requirement: red, light red, sandy loam &

well drained alluvial loams

• Land preparation: 2-3 times plowing, harrowing

& leveling.

• Seed & sowing: direct seeding or transplanting.

For Transplanting: 5-6kg/ha & for direct sowing:

9-10kg/ha.• Fertilizer: NPK: 50:50:50 kg/ha before

sowing. 50kg N/ha 30 DAT.

• Transplanting: Transplant 25 days seedling.

R-R: 20cm & P-P: 12-13cm.

• Irrigation & interculture: for light soil 8

days interval & for heavy soil 15 days interval.

Hand weeding upon requirement.

Plant protection measure: insects are root

grub, stem borer, leaf hopper, cut worm, aphid.

• Diseases are foot rot, seedling blight, baslt.

Apply methyl parathion, phosphamidon,

diethoate, Mancozeb, Zineb, carbendazim.

• Isolation: 3m

• Rouging: 2-3times (before flowering,

flowering & seed formation).

Harvesting & threshing: harvested as they

mature. Dry on threshing floor & threshing by

manually or by threshing machine. Dried to

less than 12% moisture & then stored in a cool

dry place.

• Seed yield: 12-15 qt/ha.

Components Standards for each class

Foundation

seed

Certified

seed

Pure seed (minimum) 98.0 % 98.0%

Inert matter (maximum) 2.0 % 2.0

Other crop seeds (maximum) 10/kg 20/kg

Off-types (maximum) 0.1 0.5

Weed seeds (maximum) 10/kg 20/kg

Germination (minimum) 70% 70%

Moisture percent (maximum) 12.0% 12.0%

Agriculture saves world

The word Agriculture is derived from two Greek word,ager means field and culture means cultivation ..

Spawn production

Spawn of mushroom 

1.INTRODUCTION
™ Mushrooms are fungal form of life.
™ They are rich in protein compared with other vegetables.
™ Its production is one of the most promising and highly desirable activities
in developing developing countries countries to reduce protein protein malnutrition malnutrition.
™ Mushroom cultivation has two main phases, spawn production and fruiting
body production.
™ The mushroom seed is generally referred to as spawn.
™ Spawn is the mycelium of the mushroom wi ht its substrate, whi hc is the
propagating material, used for initiating mushroom production.

Parts of complete flowers

Flowers reproductive parts mainly...

Agriculture

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