Long-styled with big sized overy.
Medium-styled with medium sized ovary
Pseudo-short styled with rudimentary overy and
True-short styled with very rudimentary ovary.
Fruit set does not take place in pseudo-short and true-short styled flowers. Brinjal is originated from a wild species Solanum sysimbrifolium. Brinjal has Ayurvedic properties. The fruits of brinjal are excellent remedies for those suffering from lever troubles. White brinjal is good for diabetic patient. The green leaves of brinjal are excellent source of vitamin C. The bitter taste of brinjal is due to glycoalkaloids.
Varieties- Nurki, Arka Nidhi, Arka kesav, Sarlahi green, Purple long, Lukee, Benighat Seto
Climate- The brinjal is warm season crop, therefore, susceptible to severe frost. Low temperature during the cool season crop causes deformation of fruits. A daily mean temperature of 13-21oC is most favourable for optimum growth. The brinjal seed germinate well at 25oC.
Soil and field preparation- Light soils are good for an early yield, while clay loam and silt loam are well suited for higher yield. Loam and sandy loam soils of normal and high fertility status are best suited for brinjal cultivation.
The soil should be thoroughly prepared by ploughing 4-5 times before transplanting the seedlings. Bulky organic manures like well rotten cowdung or compost should be incorporated evenly in the soil.
Nursery raising- The sandy loam and loam soils rich in organic matter are suitable for the nursery. In soil with good tilth 10-12 beds of 15 cm raised nursery beds of 3m length and 1 m width are prepared. 15 kg FYM and 300g of N:P:K (15:15:15) complex fertilizer along with 7.5g carbofuran per bed is incorporated. The beds are drenched with captan or any systemic fungicide @ 2-3 g/liter of water. Seeds are sown thinly in rows 6 cm apart and 1.0 cm deep. The beds are covered thinly with straw or grass layer and irrigate with rose-cane. On germination (6-8 days) the beds are again drenched. After the appearance of first true life seedlings are thinned out. On the 20th day Monocrotophos or any systemic insecticide (1.5-2 ml) and on 25th day mancozeb are sprayed. During the last week of nursery, the seedlings may be hardened by slightly withholding water for better establishment of seedlings. The seedlings with 5-6 true leaves are transplanted after 30 days. About 500-700 g seed for pureline varieties and 250 g for hybrids are sufficient for one hectare area.
Sowing time- The time of sowing of seed and transplanting of seedlings varies according to the agro-climatic regions. In high hills it can be sown from Baisakh to Shrawan, in mid hills Falgun to Asar and In plains it can be successfully sown from Ashwin to Kartik.
Manure and Fertilizer- Brinjal is a heavy feeder crop. Therefore, a balance application of manure and fertilizer are very important for successful crop production. Well rotten FYM or compost @ 200-250q/ha are incorporated at the time of field preparation. About 100 kg N, 60 kg P and 60 kg K are required for one hectare area. Full dose P and K and half dose of N is applied at the time of final field preparation before transplanting and the remaining quantity of N as urea is applied in 2-3 splits after 30, 45 and 60 days after transplanting.
Transplanting- The seedlings are ready in 4-5 weeks for transplanting, when they have attained a height of 12-15 cm with 3-4 leaves. Harden the seedlings by withholding irrigation for 4-6 days prior to transplanting. Irrigate the nursery lightly before lifting of seedlings. Uproot the seedlings carefully without injury the roots. Spacing of brinjal plants depend upon the fertility status of soil, type of variety and suitability of season. In general, 60 X 45 cm spacing is kept for brinjal plants.
Irrigation- Chilli requires frequent irrigation. However, excess irrigation may lead to more vegetative growth and less fruiting while water deficiency leads to reduction in fruit setting. The first irrigation is applied soon after transplanting. The subsequent irrigations are made at 8-10 days interval or as per requirement of the crop.
Inter-culture operation and weed control- For raising a successful crop, gap filling, hoeing and mulching is required. Generally during summer and rainy season 6-8 DAP there is mortality of seedlings. In order to maintain adequate plant population, gap filling is essential. Gap filling is done in the evening and soon after the field is irrigated.
Pre-transplant surface application of Alachlor (1-1.5 kg) or Oxadiazon (1.0 kg) and post-transplant spraying of Metribuzine (0.5 kg) controls the weed very effectively.
Harvesting- The brinjal fruits are harvested when they attain full size and colour before start for ripening. Tenderness, bright colour and glossy appearance of fruits are the optimum stage for harvesting the fruits. When the fruits look dull, it is an indication of maturity.
The fruit should be severed from the plant by cutting with a sharp knife. The fleshy calyx and a short piece of the stem are left attached to the fruits.
Yield- The yield varies from season to season, variety to variety and location to location. However, in general 300-400 q/ha of healthy fruits of brinjal can be obtained.
Insect-pests
Aphids (Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae)- The suck the cell sap from leaves and tender points.
Control-
Spray Dimethoate (0.03%) at 10 days interval starting from flowering stage.
Shoot and Fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis)- The tiny larvae immediately after hatching enters into plant tissue. At initial stage, it attacks on the terminal shoots and later on young fruits as soon as they start setting. The entire hole is so small that it heals up as fruit grow. Young shoots and leaf petioles show sign of wilting and dropping due to insect attack.
Spray endosulphan (0.05%) at 10 days interval starting from flowering stage.
Grow tall varieties of marigold as intercrop in a row after every 14 rows of brinjal to attract the insects.
Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)- Affected plants remain stunted and weak, foliage turn yellow and wilt. Knot like swelling can be seen on the roots.
Control-
Follow long term crop rotation with rice, maize or marigold.
Deep ploughing of the field during summer.
Grow resistant varieties like Sel-120, PNR 7, Hissar lalit etc.
Apply organic amendments like neem cake or mahua cake @ 25 q/ha in the soil.
Incarporate Carbofuran or Phorate or Aldicarb @ 25 kg/ha in the soil before planting.
Diseases-
Fungal diseases-
Damping off (Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Fusarium sp., Phuotophthora parasitica)- It cause damage both at pre and post emergence death of seedling. It is characterized by rapid shirinking and rotting at colar region resulting in toppling down of infected seedlings.
Control-
Provide proper drainage facility to avoid stagnant of water.
Deep ploughings during summer.
Thin sowing of seeds to avoid over crowding.
Seed treatment wit Bavistin @ 2g/kg of seed.
Phomopsis blight (Phomopsis vexans)- It is a serious disease of brinjal. The small circular spots develop on the leaves which turn grey to brown with light colour centres. The disease also attack the stem. The affected leaves become yellowish and die.
Control-
Collect the seed from healthy fruits.
Grow resistant varieties like Pusa Bhairav, Florida market etc.
Give hot water treatment to seed at 50oC for 30 minutes.
Wilt (Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium solani)- The infected plants retard growth, leaves turn yellow, lack of flowers and fruit set and finally the plant wilt and dies. Vascular tissues of stem turn dark coloured. The fungus also attack on the roots.
Control-
Follow long term crop rotation with non solanaceous crops.
Provide proper drainage.
Drench the soil with a mixture of Bavistin + Dithane M-45 (0.25%).
Spray Bavistin (0.1%).
Bacterial diseases
Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solonacearum)- Wilting of lower leaves followed by sudden and permanent wilting of entire plants are the typical symptom. The vascular tissues of lower stems and roots exude slimy bacterial ooze.
Control-
Adopt 3 year crop rotation with non solanaceous crops.
Raise nursery in disease free area.
Uproot infected plants and burn them.
Use resistant varieties like BT-1, BT-10 etc.
Dip seeds in Streptocyclin suspension @ 150 ppm for 90 minutes.
Spray Streptocyclin (0.25%) at 10 days interval.
Viral diseases-
Mosaic- It is characterized by TMV. Mottling of leaves and formation of dark green patches on the leaves are the characteristic symptom. The growth of infected plants is stunted and bears very few fruits. The virus is sap transmitted and also seed borne.
Control-
Follow clean cultivation.
Select virus free seeds.
Follow crop rotation excluding potato, brinjal, chilli etc.
Give hot water treatment at 50o C at 30 minutes to the seed.
Mycoplasmal Disease-
Little leaf- It is caused by mycoplasma like organism (MLO). The characteristics symptom are reduction in size of leaves, excessive growth of auxillary branches and stunting of plant growth. Affected plants give rosette like appearance. The floral parts convert into leafy structure. This disease is transmitted by leaf hopper.
Control-
Rogue out the affected plants.
Grow resistant varieties like Arka Sheel, Banaras gaint, Manjari gota etc.
Treat the seed beds with carbofuran 15-20 kg /ha followed by Tetracyaclin hydrochloride solution (500 ppm).
Spray the crop with Rogor (0.05%) at 10 days interval to control the vector.
Post-harvest handlings and storage- There are several diseases observed in brinjal after harvesting of the crop till marketing. Maximum incidence of fruit rot occurred during the monsoon months of Asoj-Mangsir when temperature and relative humidity usually remain high. Fruit rot also occurs during storage which prevented by post harvested treatments of brinjal in a solution containing 200 ppm NAA in combination with 900 ppm Prochloraz that retards fruit senescence and decaying.
Brinjal green fruits had longer shelf-life of 4 weeks based on the physiological loss in weight, discolouration, spoilage and CO2 injury during storage at 8-10oC under controlled atmosphere with initial concentration of 5% CO2. Room temperature of 20-22oC was not, however, suitable for storage under modified atmosphere. Brinjal fruits should not keep in the same store with other ethylene producing fruits. Brinjal fruits are better stored at 20oC than at 6oC and in perforated polythene bags than in open boxes. The fruits can also be stored for 7-10 days in fairly good condition at 7.2-10oC with 85-90% relative humidity.
Packing, packaging materials- The freshly harvested fruits are cleaned properly by washing them under sprinkler. They are then graded. Uniform, superior quality fruits, free from disease and insects blemishes are individually wrapped in the tissue paper and arranged in suitable cartons for exporting them to foreign markets. In Isreal, sometimes they use PVC stretch film for packing of individual fruits. Currently, they pack several fruits (10-25) pre treated with a solution of Prochloraza and NAA inside an imperforated polyethylene lining bags, together with 10 layers of tissue paper to prevent water condensation. The method prevents weight loss and maintains fruit quality during 14 days of storage at 12oC for 17 days at 20oC and helps in exporting of brinjal to other countries. eggplant.com
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